JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 22, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Henrik T. Sorensen, D.M.Sc., email hts@clin.au.dk. To contact corresponding author George J. Chang, M.D., M.S., email Laura Sussman at lsussman@mdanderson.org. The full studies and editorial are available on the For The Media website.

Bottom Line: Two studies and a related editorial examined the effect of more or less frequent follow-up testing after treatment or surgery for colorectal cancer.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Follow-up testing is performed after treatment or surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, it is unclear and the evidence is limited about the effect the frequency of testing has on detection of cancer recurrence or patient survival.

Who:

— Henrik T. Sorensen, D.M.Sc., of Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark, and coauthors report on the “Effect of More vs Less Frequent Follow-up Testing on Overall and Colorectal Cancer-Specific Mortality in Patients With Stage II or Ill Colorectal Cancer.” In this randomized clinical trial of more than 2,500 patients with colorectal cancer, more frequent follow-up testing with imaging and a blood test compared with less frequent testing didn’t make a significant difference in rates of death from any cause or colorectal cancer over five years.

Want to embed a link to the study above in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.5623

— George J. Chang, M.D., M.S., of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, and coauthors report on the “Association Between Intensity of Posttreatment Surveillance Testing and Detection of Recurrence in Patients With Colorectal Cancer.” In this study of more than 8,500 patients with colorectal cancer, there was no significant association between the frequency of surveillance testing and the time to detection of colorectal cancer recurrence.

Want to embed a link to the study above in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.5816

— Hanna K. Sanoff, M.D., of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, wrote an accompanying editorial, “Best Evidence Supports Annual Surveillance for Resected Colorectal Cancer.” In it, Sanoff writes: “Current guidelines should be reevaluated in the context of the data from [these studies], and of the potential harms of more frequent testing including distress, radiation exposure, and patient and societal financial burden. Surveillance that incorporates a more nuanced assessment of cancer biology will ultimately be needed to further improve cure rates for patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer.”

Want to embed a link to the editorial above in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.5817

For more details and to read the full studies and editorial, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5623, Sorensen et al study; doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5816, Chang et al study; doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5817, Sanoff editorial)

Editor’s Note: Please see the articles for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 22, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Anna Maria Hibbs, M.D., M.S.C.E., email Ansley Gogol (Ansley.Gogol@case.edu) or Katelyn McCarthy (Katelyn.McCarthy@UHhospitals.org). The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.5729

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

本篇新闻发布稿件备有翻译版本：以下内容为中文简体翻译版本

Bottom Line: Black infants born preterm who received sustained vitamin D supplementation had a lower likelihood of recurrent wheezing by age 1.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Wheezing is a common complication of preterm birth and black infants have higher rates of prematurity-associated wheezing. This randomized clinical trial assessed two vitamin D supplementation strategies in preventing recurrent wheezing.

Who and When: 300 black infants born at 28 to 36 weeks between January 2013 and January 2016.

What (Study Interventions and Measures): 400 IU/day of vitamin D until 6 months of age adjusted for prematurity or a diet-limited approach (stopping supplementation once a baby was receiving at least 200 IU/day of vitamin D from formula or a fortifier added to human milk) (interventions); recurrent wheezing by age 1 (outcome).

How (Study Design): This was a randomized clinical trial (RCT). RCTs allow for the strongest inferences to be made about the true effect of an intervention. However, not all RCT results can be replicated in real-world settings because patient characteristics or other variables may differ from those studied in the RCT.

Authors: Anna Maria Hibbs, M.D., M.S.C.E., Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: There was the potential for misclassification of wheezing by the study’s questionnaire.

Study Conclusions:

Related material: The editorial, “Prenatal vs Infant Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Wheezing in Childhood,” by Frank R. Greer, M.D., University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, is also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5729)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

中文简体翻译版本

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年5月22日，星期二，东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Anna Maria Hibbs, M.D., M.S.C.E.，请发电子邮件到Ansley Gogol (Ansley.Gogol@case.edu) 或Katelyn McCarthy (Katelyn.McCarthy@UHhospitals.org)。

维生素D是否会减少早产黑人婴儿患喘鸣的可能性？

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的一项研究，接受持续维生素D补充治疗的早产黑人婴儿在1岁时患复发性喘鸣的可能性较低。

为何对该问题感兴趣：喘鸣是早产的常见并发症之一，而黑人婴儿早产相关性喘鸣的发生率较高。这项随机临床试验评估了两种维生素D补充方案对预防复发性喘鸣的效果。

研究参与者及时间：2013年1月至2016年1月期间出生的28至36周的300名黑人婴儿。

研究内容（研究干预及措施）：每天补充400 IU 的维生素D，直到出生后6个月调整为早产或饮食限制（一旦婴儿能通过奶粉或添加到母乳中的强化剂来接受至少每天200 IU 的维生素D，则停止补充）（干预）; 1岁时复发性喘鸣（结果）。

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项随机临床试验（RCT）。 RCT可以对干预的真实效果做出最强有力的推论。 但是，并非所有的RCT结果都可以在现实中被重复，因为患者特征或其他变量可能与RCT中所研究的不同。

作者：Anna Maria Hibbs, M.D., M.S.C.E., 凯斯西储大学医学院，克利夫兰，以及合作者

研究结果：在1岁时患复发性喘鸣：持续补充组中的31.1％的婴儿; 饮食限制组中的41.8％的婴儿。

研究局限：研究问卷有可能导致喘鸣分类错误。

研究结论：

结论及相关性  在早产的黑人婴儿中，与饮食限制性补充相比，持续补充维生素D会减少在12个月时患复发性喘鸣的风险。还需要进一步的研究来了解补充维生素D对早产婴儿喘鸣影响的内在机理及长期作用。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 12:15 P.M. (ET), SUNDAY, MAY 20, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Emmanuel Martinod, M.D., Ph.D., email emmanuel.martinod@aphp.fr. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.4653

Bottom Line: An early study suggests it may be feasible to use human aortic grafts preserved by freezing to rebuild windpipe and airway sections removed because of disease.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Airway replacement could potentially benefit many patients with lung cancer and be an option for patients with end-stage tracheobronchial disease.

Who and When: 20 patients with lung tumors or tracheal lesions, of which 13 patients had diseased airway sections removed and underwent airway transplantation (5 tracheal, 7 bronchial and 1 carinal, which is where the trachea divides into the bronchi of the lungs); study conducted from October 2009 through February 2017, with final patient follow-up in November 2017

What (Study Measures): Airway transplantation using a cryopreserved aortic graft and custom-made stent inserted into the graft to keep the airway from collapsing but was later removed (exposure); 90-day morality (primary outcome)

How (Study Design): This was a cohort study where people were followed over time.

Authors: Emmanuel Martinod, M.D., Ph.D., Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Bobigny, France, and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: Limited number of patients in this feasibility study at a single center without a comparison group; larger studies needed to further assess effectiveness and safety

Study Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility for complex tracheal and bronchial reconstruction.

Featured Image:

What The Image Shows: (Click on the image for a full-size version. Right click to “save image as” to download.) Illustration of airway reconstruction method.

Related material: The editorial, “Has Reconstruction of the Central Airways Been Transformed?” by Valerie W. Rusch, M.D., Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York; JAMA Medical News & Perspectives article, “The Body’s Largest Artery Aids in Building a Better Trachea,” and an author podcast with Emmanuel Martinod, M.D., Ph.D., are also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full articles, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.4653)

Editor’s Note:  This study is being published to coincide with its presentation at the American Thoracic Society International Conference. Please see the articles for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 15, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Wei Bao, M.D., Ph.D., email Tom Snee at Tom-snee@uiowa.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.4658

Bottom Line: National survey data suggests an increase in U.S. adults who have ever used electronic cigarettes, even trying them just once, from 2014 to 2016, while reported current use among adults declined during that same period.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely marketed for smoking cessation and as an alternative to conventional cigarettes. Previous studies have reported a rapid increase in their use among U.S. adults since 2010. This study examined new national survey data to estimate the changes from 2014-2016.

Authors: Wei Bao, M.D., Ph.D., University of Iowa, Iowa City, and coauthors

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.4658)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 15, 2018

Media advisory: To contact coauthor Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D., email paoquery@cdc.gov. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.5690

Bottom Line: Estimates of prescription medication use by U.S. children and adolescents declined overall from 1999 to 2014 and patterns of use varied by medication class.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Monitoring prescription medication trends among children and adolescents can help to show changes in access to health care and medicine, illustrate shifts in disease patterns, and highlight the use of appropriate or inappropriate treatments.

Who and When: 38,277 children and adolescents (from birth to age 19) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2014, a nationally representative survey conducted every two years.

What (Study Measures): Sex, age, race, household income, education, insurance status and current health status (exposures); use of prescription medications, use of medications by therapeutic class, and trends in medication use from 1999-2002 to 2011-2014 (outcomes)

How (Study Design): This was an observational study. Researchers were not intervening for purposes of the study and cannot control all the natural differences that could explain the study findings.

Authors: Craig M. Hales, M.D., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, and coauthors

Results: The reported use of any prescription medication by children and adolescents in the past 30 days declined from 24.6 percent in 1999-2002 to 21.9 percent in 2011-2014, amid increases and decreases in the use of some specific medications.

Study Limitations: NHANES did not capture dosages, formulations or frequency of use, and the survey didn’t collect data on most over-the-counter medications; under reporting of prescription medication use is possible.

Study Conclusions:

Related material: The editorial, “Medication Prescribing for Children,” by Gary L. Freed, M.D., M.P.H., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, is also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5690)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 15, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Caroline A. Smith, Ph.D., email caroline.smith@westernsydney.edu.au. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.5336

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

本篇新闻发布稿件备有翻译版本：以下内容为中文简体翻译版本

Bottom Line: Acupuncture among women undergoing in vitro fertilization didn’t affect live birth rates.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Acupuncture is widely used by women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), although there is conflicting evidence about its effect.

Who and When: 824 women undergoing IVF in Australia and New Zealand between June 2011 and October 2015, with follow-up until August 2016.

What (Study Interventions and Outcomes): Women received either acupuncture or a “sham” acupuncture procedure (where a noninvasive needle was placed away from the true acupuncture points) around the time of ovarian stimulation and embryo transfer (interventions); live birth (delivery of one or more living infants at greater than 20 weeks’ gestation or birth weight of at least 14.1 ounces) (outcomes)

How (Study Design): This was a randomized clinical trial (RCT). RCTs allow for the strongest inferences to be made about the true effect of an intervention. However, not all RCT results can be replicated in real-world settings because patient characteristics or other variables may differ from those that were studied in the RCT.

Authors: Caroline A. Smith, Ph.D., Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia, and coauthors

Results: The rate of live births was 18.3 percent among women who received acupuncture and 17.8 percent among women who had the “sham” procedure, which resulted in a nonsignificant difference in live birth rates.

Study Limitations: The planned study sample size could not be achieved; the stage of embryo transfer was not balanced between the study groups; and the length of the treatment intervention was short.

Study Conclusions:

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5336)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

中文简体翻译版本

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年5月15日 星期二，美国东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Caroline A. Smith, Ph.D.，请发电子邮件到caroline.smith@westernsydney.edu.au。

针灸会增加正在接受体外受精治疗的妇女的生产几率吗？

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的一项研究，针灸并不影响接受体外受精的妇女的活产率。

为何对该问题感兴趣：尽管关于其效果的证据存在许多矛盾，但接受体外受精（IVF）的妇女会广泛使用针灸。

研究参与者及时间：2011年6月至2015年10月期间，824名在澳大利亚和新西兰接受体外受精的妇女，随访至2016年8月。

研究什么（研究的干预和结果）：在卵巢刺激和胚胎移植期间，妇女接受针灸或“假”针灸治疗（非侵入性针头放置在真正的针灸穴位之外）（干预）； 活产（在妊娠20周以上产下一个或多个活的婴儿或者出生体重至少为14.1盎司）（结果）

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项随机临床试验（RCT）。 RCT可以对干预的真实效果做出最强有力的推论。 然而，由于患者特征或其他变量可能与RCT中所研究的不同，因此并非所有的RCT结果都可以在现实世界中被重复。

作者：Caroline A. Smith, Ph.D., 西悉尼大学，彭里斯，澳大利亚，以及共同作者

研究结果：接受针灸治疗的妇女的活产率为18.3％，而接受“假”针灸治疗的妇女的活产率为17.8％，二者的活产率差异不大。

研究局限：计划的研究样本量无法实现; 研究组之间的胚胎移植阶段未被平衡; 治疗干预的时间短。

研究结论：

意义  本研究的发现不支持通过在卵巢刺激和胚胎移植期间进行针灸治疗来提高活产率。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 8, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Jeremy Snyder, Ph.D., email Ian Bryce at ian_bryce@sfu.ca. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3057

Bottom Line: Crowdfunding campaigns by patients to raise money to pay for unproven stem cell treatments not covered by insurance often underemphasize risks and exaggerate the effectiveness of these treatments.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Insurers typically won’t pay for unproven stem cell treatments so patients must pay out-of-pocket or fundraise to get the money, often turning to online social networks to solicit donations in crowdfunding. Crowdfunding raises questions about how benefits and risks of the treatment are depicted in solicitations for money.

What and When: 408 crowdfunding campaigns for stem cell interventions as of December 2017 on two charitable crowdfunding platforms

Study Measures: Amount of funding, donors, share on social media and statements about the perceived risks and effectiveness of these interventions.

Authors: Jeremy Snyder, Ph.D., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada and coauthors

Results: The 408 crowdfunding campaigns sought more than $7.4 million and received pledges of about $1.4 million from 13,050 donors.

Of the 408 campaigns:

Study Limitations: The study likely underestimated the number of crowdfunding campaigns for stem cell interventions

Study Conclusions:

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3057)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 8, 2018

Media advisory: To contact the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, email the Media Coordinator at Newsroom@USPSTF.net or call 202-572-2044. The full report is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3710

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

本篇新闻发布稿件备有翻译版本：以下内容为中文简体翻译版本

Bottom Line: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that men 55 to 69 who are interested in screening talk to their doctors about potential benefits and harms of screening for prostate cancer before deciding whether to undergo periodic prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening. The USPSTF recommends against PSA-based screening for men 70 and older.

Background: The USPSTF routinely makes recommendations about the effectiveness of preventive care services. This latest statement is an update of the 2012 recommendation. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer that affects men. Many men with prostate cancer never experience symptoms and, without screening, would never know they have the disease.

The USPSTF Concludes:

Related material

The following related elements from The JAMA Network are also available on the For The Media website:

— A summary video is available for download or to embed on your website. Download the video as a high-quality MP4 file by clicking on this link and then right-clicking and selecting “save video as.” In addition, you may copy and paste the html code below to embed the video on your website. The transcript is available here.

— A podcast interview with Alex H. Krist, M.D., M.P.H., a member of the USPSTF and co-author of the recommendation statement. The transcript is available here.

— Screening for Prostate Cancer – US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement

— Prostate-Specific Antigen–Based Screening for Prostate Cancer – Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

— JAMA Oncology editorial: Prostate Cancer Screening—A New Recommendation for Meaningful Physician-Patient Conversations

— JAMA Surgery editorial: USPTF Prostate Cancer Screening Recommendations— A Step in the Right Direction

— JAMA Internal Medicine editorial: Implications of the New USPSTF Prostate Cancer Screening Recommendation—Attaining Equipoise

 — JAMA editorial: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Screening for Prostate Cancer – Revisiting the Evidence

— JAMA Patient Page: Screening for Prostate Cancer

For more details and to read the full report, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3710)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

Note: More information about the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, its process, and its recommendations can be found on the newsroom page of its website.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

中文简体翻译版本

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年5月8日 星期二，美国东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系美国预防服务工作组 （U.S. Preventive Services Task Force），请发电子邮件到媒体协调员Newsroom@USPSTF.net 或打电话（202-572-2044）联系。

USPSTF关于筛查前列腺癌的建议声明

 概要: 美国预防服务工作组（USPSTF）建议有兴趣筛查的55至69岁的男性在决定是否接受基于前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）的定期筛查之前，与其医生讨论筛查前列腺癌的潜在的益处和危害。 根据《美国医学会杂志》（JAMA）发表的一份报告，USPSTF建议不要对70岁及以上的男性进行基于PSA的筛查。

背景资料：USPSTF经常就各种预防保健服务的有效性提出建议。 这一最新声明是对2012年建议的更新。 前列腺癌是影响男性的最常见的癌症类型之一。 许多患有前列腺癌的男性从未出现过症状，如果没有筛查，可能永远也不会知道自己患有这种疾病。

 USPSTF结论：

对于55至69岁的男性，决定定期进行基于PSA的前列腺癌筛查应该是个人的决定，并且应该事先与临床医生讨论该筛查的潜在的益处和危害。 筛查可能会为减少某些男性患前列腺癌的机会提供一个不大的潜在好处。 然而，许多男性会经历该筛查的潜在危害，包括假阳性结果，其需要额外的测试和可能的前列腺活检; 过度诊断和过度治疗; 以及治疗并发症，如失禁和勃起功能障碍等。在确定该筛查是否适用于某个个体时，患者和临床医生应考虑其家族史，种族/民族，共存的疾病状况，病人对筛查的益处，危害以及治疗导致的结果的评价，以及其它健康需要等。临床医生不应该对没有筛查意愿的男性进行筛查（C建议）。USPSTF建议不要对70岁及以上的男性进行基于PSA的前列腺癌筛查 （D建议）。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

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JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MAY 1, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Christopher M. Jones, Pharm.D., M.P.H., email Chris Garrett at Christopher.Garrett@samhsa.hhs.gov. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.2844

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

本篇新闻发布稿件备有翻译版本：以下内容为中文简体翻译版本

Bottom Line: Synthetic opioids (such as illicit fentanyl) overtook prescription opioids in 2016 as the most common drug class involved in overdose deaths in the United States.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Drug overdose deaths are at unprecedented levels in the United States. Prescription opioids have been the most common drug involved in overdose deaths, but heroin and synthetic opioids are increasingly involved in overdoses.

What and When: Mortality data based on death certificates for 2010-2016

Study Measures: Number of synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths by year for 2010 through 2016; overdose deaths involving psychotherapeutic and illicit drugs in which synthetic opioids were involved in the death; and synthetic opioid overdose deaths in 2016 also involving drugs or alcohol

How (Study Design): This was a data analysis.

Authors: Christopher M. Jones, Pharm.D., M.P.H., Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland, and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: An estimated 15 percent to 25 percent of death certificates didn’t specify the type of drug involved in the overdose so the numbers reported are likely underestimates.

Study Conclusions: A lack of awareness about the potency of synthetic opioids, their availability and the increasing adulteration of the illicit drug supply poses substantial risks to individual and public health.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.2844)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

中文简体翻译版本

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年5月1日 星期二，美国东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Christopher M. Jones, Pharm.D., M.P.H.，请发电子邮件到Chris Garrett Christopher.Garrett@samhsa.hhs.gov。

合成阿片类药物的快速增加与药物过量死亡有关

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的一项研究，合成阿片类药物（如非法芬太尼）在2016年超过了处方阿片类药物成为导致美国药物过量服用死亡的最常见的药物类别。

为何对该问题感兴趣：美国的药物过量服用死亡人数空前高涨。 处方阿片类药物是导致药物过量服用死亡的最常见的药物，但海洛因和合成阿片类药物所占比重越来越高。

研究项目及时间：2010 – 2016年间基于死亡证明的死亡率数据

研究内容：2010至2016年间的每年由合成阿片类药物导致的药物服用过量死亡人数；包括合成阿片类药物的由心理治疗药物和非法药物导致的药物过量服用死亡人数；以及2016年涉及药物或酒精的合成阿片类药物导致的药物服用过量死亡。

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项数据分析研究。

作者：Christopher M. Jones, Pharm.D., M.P.H., 美国药物滥用及心理健康服务管理局，马里兰州罗克维尔，以及共同作者

研究结果：

• 在2016年与阿片类药物相关的42,249例药物过量服用死亡事件中，19,413例涉及合成阿片类药物，17,087例涉及处方类阿片，15,469例涉及海洛因
• 2016年合成阿片类药物与9％的阿片类药物相关死亡事件有关，而2010年仅为14.3％
• 2016年合成阿片类药物过量服用死亡人数中有7％还涉及另一种药物或酒精

研究局限：据估计，15％到25％的死亡证书没有明确所涉及的过量药物的类型，因此所报告的数字可能被低估。

研究结论：缺乏对合成阿片类药物效力的明确认识，以及其可获得性和非法药物供应的增加对个人和公共健康构成重大风险。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 24, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Qiang Zhao, M.D., Ph.D., email zq11607@rjh.com.cn. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3197

Bottom Line: Taking aspirin plus an anti-clotting medication for one year after heart bypass surgery resulted in less narrowing of the vein used to bypass a blocked artery than taking aspirin alone.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Previous data have shown that the rate of failure of a graft of a saphenous vein (a vein from the leg) was approximately 15% to 20% within one year after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and was associated with worse long-term outcomes. Antiplatelet (anti-clotting) therapy with aspirin improves vein graft patency (less narrowing, blockage of the vein). The effect of the anti-clotting drug ticagrelor with or without aspirin on grafted saphenous veins in patients undergoing CABG is unknown.

Who and When: 500 patients who underwent CABG were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial in 2014 and 2015, with final follow-up in early 2017.

What (Study Interventions and Outcomes): Within 24 hours after CABG, 168 patients received ticagrelor (twice daily) and aspirin (once daily); 166 patients received ticagrelor (twice daily); 166 patients received aspirin (once daily) (interventions); patency of the grafted vein (less than 50% narrowing) one year after CABG (outcome)

How (Study Design): This was a randomized clinical trial (RCT). RCTs allow for the strongest inferences to be made about the true effect of an intervention. However, not all RCT results can be replicated in real-world settings because patient characteristics or other variables may differ from those studied in the RCT.

Authors: Qiang Zhao, M.D., Ph.D., Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: The trial was designed specifically to examine saphenous vein graft patency so the results cannot be generalized to include arterial grafts. The trial was not equipped to identify a significant effect on the incidence of major adverse cardiac events or other secondary and bleeding outcomes.

Study Conclusions:

Related material: The editorial, “Ticagrelor Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting,” by John H. Alexander, M.D., M.H.S., of Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, is also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3197)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 24, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Mary M. McDermott, M.D., email Marla Paul at marla-paul@northwestern.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3275

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

Bottom Line: A home-based exercise program that consisted of a wearable activity monitor and telephone coaching to promote walking by patients with peripheral artery disease didn’t improve walking endurance.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs and that can cause leg pain when walking. Exercise programs improve walking ability in PAD, but to date only exercise programs that involve visits to the medical center have been effective.

Who and When: 200 patients with PAD enrolled in a randomized clinical trial between 2015 and 2017, with final follow-up at the end of 2017.

What (Study Interventions and Outcomes): 99 patients in the exercise intervention were asked to attend four on-site weekly coaching sessions in the first month followed by eight months of using a wearable activity monitor and telephone coaching, while a usual care group of 101 patients had no on-site, active exercise or coaching sessions (interventions); change in the distance walked in 6 minutes after nine months (outcomes)

How (Study Design): This was a randomized clinical trial (RCT). RCTs allow for the strongest inferences to be made about the true effect of an intervention. However, not all RCT results can be replicated in real-world settings because patient characteristics or other variables may differ from those studied in the RCT.

Authors: Mary M. McDermott, M.D., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, and coauthors

 Results:

Study Limitations: The results may not be generalizable to participants who didn’t meet eligibility criteria or who weren’t interested in increasing their exercise activity level. A minimal clinically important difference for the 6-minute walk distance has not been defined specifically for patients with PAD.

Study Conclusions:

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3275)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年4月24日 星期二，美国东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Mary M. McDermott, M.D，请发电子邮件到Marla Paul  marla-paul@northwestern.edu。

备有可穿戴式活动检测器和电话辅导的居家锻炼计划在改善外周动脉疾病患者行走耐力方面的成效

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的研究，一项旨在提高外周动脉疾病患者的行走表现，并备有可穿戴式活动监测器和辅导的居家锻炼计划不会改善这些患者的行走耐力。

为何对该问题感兴趣：外周动脉疾病（PAD）是一种循环系统疾病，变窄的血管减少了流向四肢的血流，并且在行走时会引起腿部疼痛。 运动可能会减轻这些症状。

研究参与者及时间：200名PAD患者于2015年至2017年间参加了随机临床试验，并于2017年底进行了最终随访。

研究什么（研究干预和结果）：99名参与锻炼干预的患者被要求参加第一个月的四次每周的现场辅导课程，后面的八个月使用可穿戴式活动监测器和接受电话辅导，而包括101名患者的常规护理组没有现场的锻炼或辅导课程（干预）; 9个月后6分钟内行走距离的变化（结果）

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项随机临床试验（RCT）。 RCT可以对干预的真实效果做出最强有力的推论。 但是，并非所有的RCT结果都可以在现实世界中重复，因为患者特征或其他变量可能与RCT研究中的不同。

作者：Mary M. McDermott, M.D., 西北大学芬伯格医学院，芝加哥，以及共同作者。

研究结果：

• 各组之间在6分钟内行走距离的平均变化上没有区别
• 该锻炼干预使影响活动的疼痛变得更加厉害

研究局限：该结果可能不能被推广到不符合资格标准或不想增加锻炼活动水平的参与者。 目前尚未有专门针对PAD患者制定的6分钟行走距离的最小临床重要差异。

研究结论： 该结果不支持以下结论，即PAD患者的行走表现能够通过可穿戴式设备结合电话辅导的居家锻炼干预得到改善。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 17, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Sean L. Zheng, B.M., B.Ch., M.A., M.R.C.P., email sean.zheng@nhs.net. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3024

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

Bottom Line: In a comparison of different classes of drugs used to lower blood sugar levels for patients with type 2 diabetes, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) agonists were associated with a lower risk of death than dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors or control (placebo or no treatment).

Why The Research Is Interesting: Several drug classes have emerged that are effective in improving blood sugar control for patients with type 2 diabetes, including SGLT-2 and DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists. The clinical effectiveness of these drugs compared to each other is not known.

Who and When: 176,310 study participants with type 2 diabetes in 236 randomized clinical trials in databases through October 2017

What (Study Measures): SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and control (placebo, no treatment) (interventions); death from any cause (outcome).

How (Study Design): This was a network meta-analysis, which combines the results of multiple studies identified in a systematic review and quantitatively summarizes the overall association between interventions and outcomes measured across all studies.

Authors: Sean L. Zheng, B.M., B.Ch., M.A., M.R.C.P., Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: Network meta-analysis respects randomization of clinical trials, but itself represents observational data, preventing conclusions on causality from being inferred.

Study Conclusions: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 agonists was associated with better survival than DPP-4 inhibitors.

Related material: The following related elements also are available on the For The Media website:

— A summary video is available for download or to embed on your website. Download the video as a high-quality MP4 file by clicking on this link and then right-clicking and selecting “save video as.” In addition, you may copy and paste the html code below to embed the video on your website.

<div style="display: block; position: relative; max-width: 300px;"><div style="padding-top: 50%;"><iframe src="//players.brightcove.net/864352215001/default_default/index.html?videoId=5752251843001" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen style="width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; right: 0px; left: 0px;"></iframe></div></div>

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3024)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年4月17 日 星期二，美国东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Sean L. Zheng, B.M., B.Ch., M.A., M.R.C.P，请发电子邮件到sean.zheng@nhs.net。

2型糖尿病不同治疗在改善生存率上的比较

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的一项研究，对能降低2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平的不同类别药物的比较显示，与二肽基肽酶4（DPP-4）抑制剂或对照组（安慰剂或不治疗）相比，钠 – 葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2（SGLT-2）抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）激动剂会导致死亡风险的降低。

为何对该问题感兴趣：目前已经出现了几种能够有效改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制的药物类别，包括SGLT-2和DPP-4抑制剂以及GLP-1激动剂。 但尚不清楚这些药物的临床效果的相互比较。

研究参与者及时间：到2017年10月，共有176,310名2型糖尿病患者参与了数据库中的236项随机临床试验

研究什么（研究内容）：SGLT-2抑制剂，GLP-1激动剂，DPP-4抑制剂和对照（安慰剂，不治疗）（干预）; 任何原因造成的死亡（结果）。

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项网络元分析，它结合了系统评价中确定的多项研究的结果，并定量总结了所有研究中测量的干预措施与结局之间的整体关联。

研究结果：

• 与DPP-4抑制剂或对照组（安慰剂或不治疗）相比，SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1激动剂会导致死亡风险的降低。
• 与安慰剂或不治疗相比，DPP-4抑制剂不会导致死亡风险的降低。

研究局限：网络元分析尊重临床试验的随机化，但它本身代表了观察性数据，从而无法得出具有因果关系的结论。

研究结论：与DPP-4抑制剂相比， 2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1激动剂会导致更高的生存率。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 17, 2018

Media advisory: To contact the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, email the Media Coordinator at Newsroom@USPSTF.net or call 202-572-2044. The full report is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3097

Bottom Line: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes current scientific evidence is insufficient regarding the use of vitamin D and calcium, alone or in combination, to prevent fractures in men and premenopausal women. The USPSTF recommends against daily supplementation with 400 IU or less of vitamin D and 1,000 mg or less of calcium to prevent fractures in postmenopausal women. Current scientific evidence is insufficient regarding the use of vitamin D and calcium at doses greater than 400 IU of vitamin D and greater than 1,000 mg of calcium in postmenopausal women.

Background: The USPSTF routinely makes recommendations about the effectiveness of preventive care services. This latest recommendation statement is an update of the 2013 recommendation on vitamin D supplementation, with or without calcium, to prevent fractures.

The USPSTF Concludes:

Related material

The following related elements from The JAMA Network are also available on the For The Media website:

— A podcast interview with Alex H. Krist, M.D., M.P.H., a member of the USPSTF and co-author of the recommendation statements regarding calcium and vitamin D to prevent fractures and interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults.

— Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults – Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

— JAMA editorial: Preventing Fractures and Falls

— JAMA Internal Medicine editorial: New Prevention Guidelines for Falls and Fractures

— JAMA Patient Page: Vitamin D and Calcium Supplements for Preventing Fractures

For more details and to read the full report, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3097)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

Note: More information about the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, its process, and its recommendations can be found on the newsroom page of its website.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 17, 2018

Media advisory: To contact the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, email the Media Coordinator at Newsroom@USPSTF.net or call 202-572-2044. The full report is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3097

Bottom Line: For adults 65 years or older who are at increased risk of falling, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends exercise, such as supervised individual and group classes and physical therapy, to prevent falls, and that clinicians selectively check older adults’ risks for falls and then offer tailored interventions that address those specific risks. The USPSTF recommends against vitamin D supplementation.

Background: The USPSTF routinely makes recommendations about the effectiveness of preventive care services. This latest recommendation statement is an update of the 2012 recommendation on the prevention of falls in older adults living in the community. Falls are the leading cause of injury-related illness and death among older adults in the United States. In 2014, nearly 30 percent of community-dwelling adults 65 or older reported falling, resulting in 29 million falls and an estimated 33,000 deaths in 2015.

The USPSTF Concludes:

Related material

The following related elements from The JAMA Network are also available on the For The Media website:

— A podcast interview with Alex H. Krist, M.D., M.P.H., a member of the USPSTF and co-author of the recommendation statements regarding calcium and vitamin D to prevent fractures and interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults.

— Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults – Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

— JAMA editorial: Preventing Fractures and Falls

— JAMA Internal Medicine editorial: New Prevention Guidelines for Falls and Fractures

For more details and to read the full report, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3097)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

Note: More information about the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, its process, and its recommendations can be found on the newsroom page of its website.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., email Kelly Bienhoff at kbien@uw.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.0158

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

Bottom Line: The impact of diseases varies widely across states, with tobacco, overweight, poor diet, alcohol and drug use, high blood sugar and high blood pressure accounting for many years lost to ill health, disability or early death.

Why The Research Is Interesting: A comprehensive assessment of health patterns in the United States and by state can help to inform national priorities for research, clinical care and policy.

What and When: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study results were used to estimate change in disease, injuries and risk factors from 1990 to 2016 by state. The GBD is done on an annual cycle and the 2016 results updated estimates of death, disease and risk factors in 195 locations around the globe, including the United States.

Study Measures: Death rates, life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, years of life lost due to premature death, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or early death) for 333 causes and 84 risk factors.

How (Study Design): This was a data analysis.

Authors: Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, and the U.S. Burden of Disease Collaborators

Study Results:

Study Limitations: The accuracy of the estimates depends on the availability of data by time period and state.

Study Conclusions:

Related material: The editorial, “Toward a United States of Health: Implications of Understanding the U.S. Burden of Disease,” by Howard K. Koh, M.D., M.P.H., Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, and Anand K. Parekh, M.D., M.P.H., Bipartisan Policy Center, Washington, D.C., is also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0158)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年4月10日 星期二，东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil.，请发电子邮件到Kelly Bienhoff kbien@uw.edu。

美国各州在疾病影响方面存在很大差异

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的研究显示，美国各州疾病的影响差异很大，其中烟草，超重，不良饮食，酒精和药物使用，高血糖和高血压会导致由于健康不良，残疾或早亡而使寿命减少许多年。

为何对该问题感兴趣：美国全国以及各州的健康模式综合评估可以为制定国家需要优先考虑的研究，临床医疗和政策提供信息。

研究参与者及时间：根据全球疾病负担（GBD）2016年研究结果估算了1990年至2016年疾病，伤害和风险因素的变化。 GBD是按年度周期进行的，2016年的结果更新了全球195个地区（包括美国）的死亡，疾病和风险因素的估计。

研究什么（研究内容）：333个原因和84个风险因素导致的死亡率，寿命预期，健康寿命预期，因过早死亡而丧失的寿命年数，残疾年数，以及经残疾调整的生命年数（DALYs; 由于健康不良，残疾或过早死亡而丧失的年数）。

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一个数据分析研究。

作者：Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., 华盛顿大学卫生计量与评估研究所，以及美国疾病负担合作者组织

研究结果：

• 美国的整体死亡率从1990年的745每10万人降至2016年的578每10万人。
• 在美国的31个州和华盛顿特区，20岁到55岁之间的成年人的死亡概率下降，但另外有五个州的死亡概率上升了10％以上。
• 夏威夷州的出生时的寿命预期最长（3岁），而密西西比州最短（74.7岁）。
• 阿片类药物不良使用是2016年DALYs的第七大原因，高于1990年的第11位。
• 1990年和2016年，DALYs的主要原因均为缺血性心脏病和肺癌是; 2016年第三大原因是慢性阻塞性肺病，而在1990年该位置为腰痛。
• DALY的主要危险因素是烟草消费（32个州），高体重指数（10个州）或酒精和毒品使用（8个州）。

研究局限：该估计的准确性取决于所能获得的不同时间段和不同州的数据。

研究结论：州一级的疾病负担差异很大。 特定的疾病和风险因素，如药物不良使用，高体重指数，不良饮食，高空腹血糖水平和酒精使用障碍正在增加，值得关注。 这些数据可以为制定国家需要优先考虑的研究，临床医疗和政策提供信息。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

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JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Eva Leidman, M.S.P.H., email Amy Rowland at isc4@cdc.gov. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.2405

Translation available: A translation in simplified Chinese is available below.

Bottom Line: The pervasiveness of malnutrition and anemia among Rohingya children in a refugee camp in Bangladesh exceeds emergency thresholds.

Why the Research Is Interesting: Nearly 700,000 ethnic minority Rohingya people crossed the border between Myanmar and Bangladesh after violence escalated in Rakhine State in Myanmar in August 2017. They joined an estimated 200,000 who had fled in earlier waves since the 1990s. The populations of two refugee camps and surrounding makeshift settlements have more than doubled and concerns have been raised about the nutritional status of the Rohingya children.

Who and When: 269 children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years in the Kutupalong refugee camp in October 2017

What (Study Measures): Weight-for-height and height-for-age scores were calculated to assess malnutrition; anemia screening also was done

How (Study Design): This was a population-representative survey.

Authors: Eva Leidman, M.S.P.H., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, and coauthors

Results: 

Study Limitations: A small sample size was used to provide rapid results in the context of an emergency; nutritional outcomes may differ in other refugee camps.

Study Conclusions: The pervasiveness of global acute malnutrition and anemia exceeded emergency thresholds of 15 percent and 40 percent, respectively, in a sample of Rohingya children in the Kutupalong refugee camp.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018. 2405)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年4月10日 星期二，东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Eva Leidman, M.S.P.H., 请发电子邮件到Amy Rowland isc4@cdc.gov。

孟加拉难民营的罗兴亚儿童的营养不良和贫血情况

概要: 根据《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表的研究显示，孟加拉国难民营的罗兴亚儿童患营养不良和贫血的普遍程度超过了紧急门槛。

为何对该问题感兴趣：2017年8月缅甸若开邦暴力升级后，近700,000罗兴亚族人越过了缅甸与孟加拉国之间的边界。他们加入了早些时候自90年代以来逃离的大约20万人。 两个难民营和周围临时住区的人口增加了一倍多，而罗辛亚儿童的营养状况也令人担忧。

研究参与者及时间：2017年10月，Kutupalong难民营的269名6个月至5岁的儿童

研究什么（研究内容）：计算“基于身高的体重”和“基于年龄的身高”以评估营养不良情况; 贫血筛查也已完成。

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项人群代表性调查。

作者：Eva Leidman, M.S.P.H., 疾病控制和预防中心，亚特兰大，以及共同作者

研究结果：

研究局限：在紧急情况下使用了小样本量以提供快速结果; 其他难民营的营养情况可能会有所不同。

研究结论：在Kutupalong难民营的罗辛亚儿童样本中，整体急性营养不良和贫血的普遍程度分别超过了15％和40％的紧急门槛。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

#  #  #

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 3, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Lindsay R. Pool, Ph.D., email Marla Paul at marla-paul@northwestern.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.2055

Bottom Line: Loss of wealth over two years among middle-aged and older adults in the U.S. was associated with an increased risk of death.

Why The Research Is Interesting: A sudden loss of wealth—a negative wealth shock—may lead to a significant mental health toll and also leave fewer monetary resources for health-related expenses. With limited years remaining to regain lost wealth in older age, the health consequences of a sudden loss of wealth may be long-lasting. Little is known about the potential long-term health consequences.

Who and When: 8,714 adults (ages 51 through 61 years at study entry) first assessed for a sudden loss of wealth in 1994 and then every two years through 2014.

What (Study Measures): Experiencing a sudden loss of wealth, defined as a loss of 75% or more of total net worth over a 2-year period, or asset poverty, defined as 0 or negative total net worth (exposures); death from any cause (outcome)

How (Study Design): This was an observational study. Researchers were not intervening for purposes of the study and cannot control all the natural differences that could explain the study findings.

Authors: Lindsay R. Pool, Ph.D., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: Analyses showed that less acute shock within two years (such as >25% or >50% loss) were associated with an increased risk of death, but less acute negative wealth shocks that take more than two years to be fully realized may have been missed.

Study Conclusions:

Related material: The editorial, “From Misfortune to Mortality,” by Alan M. Garber, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard University, Cambridge, is also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018. 2055)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, APRIL 3, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Tangchun Wu, M.D., Ph.D., email wut@mails.tjmu.edu.cn; to contact corresponding author Liming Li, M.D., M.P.H., email lmlee@vip.163.com. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.2151

Bottom Line: Use of coal, wood or charcoal for cooking and heating in rural China was associated with a greater risk of death, with that risk decreased by having switched to gas, electricity or central heating, or using ventilation.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Worldwide, it has been estimated that more than 2.7 billion individuals were using solid fuels for domestic purposes in 2015, mostly in low- and middle-income countries including China, where an estimated 450 million people still heavily rely on solid fuels, such as wood, charcoal and coal. When combusted indoors, solid fuels generate a large amount of pollutants such as fine particulate matter.

Who and When: 271,217 adults without cardiovascular disease at study entry were recruited from five rural areas across China between June 2004 and July 2008; mortality follow-up was until January 2014. A random subset (10,892) participated in a resurvey after an average interval of 2.7 years.

What (Study Measures): Self-reported cooking and heating fuels (solid: coal, wood, or charcoal; clean: gas, electricity, or central heating), switching of fuel type before study entry, and use of ventilated cookstoves (exposures); death from cardiovascular and all causes (outcomes)

How (Study Design): This was an observational study. Researchers were not intervening for purposes of the study and cannot control all the natural differences that could explain the study findings.

Authors: Tangchun Wu, M.D., Ph.D., Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Liming Li, M.D., M.P.H., Peking University, Beijing, China, and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: Self-reported fuel use was used as a measure for household air pollution exposure, which could vary by level and efficiency of ventilation, climate, and fuel properties.

Study Conclusions:

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018. 2151)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

Translation in Simplified Chinese

禁止提前报道指令解除时间：2018年4月3日 星期二，美国东部时间上午11点

媒体咨询：联系通讯作者Tangchun Wu, M.D., Ph.D.，请发电子邮件到wut@mails.tjmu.edu.cn；联系通讯作者Liming Li, M.D., M.P.H.，请发电子邮件到lmlee@vip.163.com。

在中国采用固体燃料取暖或烹饪与死亡风险增加有关联

概要: 《美国医学会杂志》（JAMA）发表的一项研究显示，在中国农村地区使用煤炭，木材或木炭进行烹饪和取暖与较高的死亡风险有关联，而转换为天然气，电力或集中供暖或使用通风系统会降低该风险。

为何对该问题感兴趣：据估计，2015年在世界范围内有超过27亿人将固体燃料用于家庭用途，这主要集中在包括中国在内的中低收入国家，估计其中4.5亿人仍严重依赖固体燃料，如木材 ，木炭和煤炭。 在用于室内燃烧时，固体燃料会产生大量的污染物，如细小的颗粒物质。

研究参与者及时间：2004年6月至2008年7月，中国的五个农村地区的271,217名无心血管疾病的成年人参加了此项研究; 死亡率随访至2014年1月。另外，参加者的一个随机子集（10,892）在平均间隔2.7年后参与了再次调查。

研究什么（研究内容）：自我报告的烹饪和取暖燃料（固体燃料：煤，木材或木炭; 清洁燃料：燃气，电力或集中供热），在参加研究前转换了燃料类型以及使用通风炉灶（暴露）; 心血管和所有其它原因导致的死亡（结果）。

如何研究（研究设计）：这是一项观察性研究。研究人员不会为研究的目的而进行干预，不能控制所有可以用来解释研究结果的自然差异。

 作者：Tangchun Wu, M.D., Ph.D., 华中科技大学，中国武汉；Liming Li, M.D., M.P.H., 北京大学，中国北京，以及共同作者。

研究结果：

• 使用固体燃料进行烹饪和取暖与心血管疾病和其它所有原因导致死亡的风险增加有关联。
• 与一直使用固体燃料的研究参加者相比，此前从固体燃料转换到清洁燃料进行烹饪和取暖的研究参加者死于心血管疾病和其它各种原因的风险较低有关联。
• 在固体燃料使用者中，使用通风炉灶与心血管和其它所有原因导致的死亡的风险较低有关联。

研究局限：在本研究中，自我报告的燃料使用被用作家庭空气污染暴露的量度，其可能因通风的水平和效率，以及气候和燃料性质等因素而有所差异。

研究结论：在中国农村地区，用于烹饪和取暖的固体燃料与心血管和其它原因的死亡的风险较高有关联 。而此前转用清洁燃料和使用通风设备的人的这些风险可能会降低。

欲了解更多详情并阅读完整的研究报告，请访问For The Media网站：https://media.jamanetwork.com/。

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MARCH 27, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., email Kelly Bienhoff at kbien@uw.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.2089

Bottom Line: Deaths due to most infectious diseases decreased in the United States from 1980 to 2014, although there were large differences among counties.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Infectious diseases are mostly preventable but they still pose a public health threat. Deaths from infectious diseases are mostly reported at national and state levels in the United States with no comprehensive estimates available for all counties. This study reports national rates and estimates infectious disease death rates at the county level.

Who and When: Almost 4.1 million deaths due to infectious diseases recorded in the United States between 1980 and 2014

What (Study Measures): County of residence (exposure); estimated mortality rates by county for six major infectious disease groups: lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, meningitis, hepatitis and tuberculosis (outcomes).

How (Study Design): This was an observational study. Researchers were not intervening for purposes of the study and cannot control all the natural differences that could explain the study findings.

Authors: Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, and coauthors

Results:

Lower respiratory infection was the leading cause of infectious disease deaths in 2014; only deaths due to diarrheal diseases increased from 2000 to 2014; and deaths from lower respiratory infection and HIV/AIDS were part of the variation among counties.

Study Limitations: All the data in the analysis are subject to error.

Study Conclusions: 

Featured Image:

What The Image Shows: (Click on the image for a full-size version. Right click to “save image as” to download.) Mortality rate from all infectious diseases, 2014.

Related material: The editorial, “Infectious Diseases Mortality in the United States,” by Emily K. Shuman, M.D., and JAMA Associate Editor Preeti N. Malani, M.D., M.S.J., both of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, is also available on the For The Media website.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.2089)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MARCH 27, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Raj Ratwani, Ph.D., email Ann Nickels at Ann.C.Nickels@medstar.net. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.1171

Bottom Line: The usability of electronic health records may be associated with some safety events where patients were possibly harmed.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Electronic health record (EHR) usability is the extent to which EHRs support clinicians in their work and that level of usability can be a point of frustration for some clinicians. Specific usability issues and EHR processes that may contribute to possible patient harm have not been identified.

What and When (Study Measures): An analysis of patient safety reports that mentioned a major EHR vendor or product from 2013 through 2016 from 571 health care facilities in Pennsylvania and from a large mid-Atlantic multi-hospital academic health care system.

How (Study Design): This was an analysis of patient safety reports, which are descriptions of safety events.

Authors: Raj Ratwani, Ph.D., National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare, MedStar Health, Washington, D.C., and coauthors

Results: Of 1.735 million reported safety events, 1,956 (0.11 percent) mentioned an EHR vendor or product and were reported as possible patient harm; 557 (0.03 percent) had language suggesting the usability of the EHR may have contributed to some possible patient harm.

Study Limitations: Patient safety reports contain limited information and it is difficult to identify causal factors. The reports also may be subject to bias, inaccuracies and a tendency to attribute blame for an event to the EHR.

Study Conclusions: Additional research is needed to determine any causal relationships between EHR usability, patient harm and frequency.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1171)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), FRIDAY, MARCH 23, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Craig M. Hales, M.D., email paoquery@cdc.gov. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.3060

Bottom Line: Obesity and severe obesity continued to grow among adults in the United States between 2007-2008 and 2015-2016 but there were no significant overall changes among youth.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Obesity among adults has been on the rise since the 1980s but plateaued among youth between 2005-2006 and 2013-2014. This article offers updated estimates

Who and When: Data from 16,875 youth (ages 2 to 19) and 27,449 adults (20 years or older) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007-2008 to 2015-2016.

What (Study Measures): Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among U.S. youth and adults

How (Study Design): This was national survey data.

Authors: Craig M. Hales, M.D., U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland and coauthors

Results:

Study Limitations: These include small sample sizes in the youngest age group.

Study Conclusions: Additional NHANES survey data will allow for continued monitoring of obesity and severe obesity among U.S. youth and adults.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3060)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MARCH 20, 2018

Media advisory: To contact the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, email the Media Coordinator at Newsroom@USPSTF.net or call 202-572-2044. The full report is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.1623

Bottom Line: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends behavioral counseling to help reduce the risk of skin cancer from ultraviolet (UV) radiation in persons ages 6 months to 24 years with fair skin types.

Background: The USPSTF routinely makes recommendations about the effectiveness of preventive care services. This recommendation statement updates a 2012 recommendation on behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer and a 2009 recommendation on screening for skin cancer with self-examinations. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. There were an estimated 3.3 million new cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer in 2012 and approximately 90,000 new cases of melanoma skin cancer in 2018.

The USPSTF Concludes: 

Related material

The following related elements from The JAMA Network are also available on the For The Media website:

— A podcast interview with John W. Epling Jr., M.D., M.S.Ed., a member of the USPSTF and one of the authors of the recommendation statement

— Behavioral Counseling for Skin Cancer Prevention – Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

— JAMA editorial: Sun Protection and Skin Self-examination and the US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation on Behavioral Counseling for Skin Cancer Prevention

— JAMA Pediatrics editorial: Should Pediatricians Be More Proactive in Counseling Children About Skin Cancer Risk?

— JAMA Dermatology editorial: The Potential of Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Skin Cancer

— JAMA Oncology editorial: The Value of Behavioral Counseling for Skin Cancer Prevention

 — JAMA Internal Medicine editorial: USPSTF Recommendations for Behavioral Counseling for Skin Cancer Prevention

— JAMA Patient Page: Behavioral Counseling for Skin Cancer Prevention

For more details and to read the full report, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1623)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

Note: More information about the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, its process, and its recommendations can be found on the newsroom page of its website.

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For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MARCH 20, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Nancy Baxter, M.D., Ph.D., email Leslie Shepherd at ShepherdL@smh.ca. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2017.21533

Bottom Line: A substantial amount of personal information, most of it personal health information, was found in the recycling at five hospitals in Toronto, Canada, despite policies in place for protection of personal information.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Patients have the right to expect safekeeping of personal information. With patient information increasingly maintained in the electronic health record, paper records are frequently discarded, creating risk for paper-based privacy breaches.

What and When: An audit of the amount and sensitivity of personally identifiable information (PII) and personal health information (PHI) found in recycling bins of five teaching hospitals in Toronto from November 2014 to May 2016. All hospitals had established PHI policies; for paper disposal, each hospital had recycling bins, garbage, and, for confidential information, secure shredding receptacles.

Authors: Nancy Baxter, M.D., Ph.D., University of Toronto, and coauthors

Results: Personally identifiable information and personal health information were found in recycling at all hospitals, including 2,687 documents with personally identifiable information. Most items were recovered at physician offices. Clinical notes, summaries and medical reports were the most frequent type of personally identifiable information inappropriately discarded.

Study Limitation: The study was restricted to recycling and did not include an examination of garbage disposal, which is another potential source of privacy breaches. The authors acknowledge that they are not aware of a case of inappropriate use or harm related to such privacy breaches.

Study Conclusions: Privacy breaches are commonly caused by human error so organizational solutions to improve the security of personal health information on paper are needed. Minimizing the printing of documents containing personal health information could help.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21533)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

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For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

A summary video accompanies the JAMA article, “Weaving Indigenous Textile Art Into Cardiac Devices,” by Franz Freudenthal, M.D., of Kardiozentrum, La Paz, Bolivia, and coauthors and is available for download or to embed on your website. Download the video as a high-quality MP4 file by right-clicking on this link and then clicking the down-pointing arrow in the control bar at the bottom of the video. In addition, you may copy and paste the html code below to embed the video on your website.

<div style="display: block; position: relative; max-width: 300px;"><div style="padding-top: 50%;"><iframe src="//players.brightcove.net/864352215001/default_default/index.html?videoId=5721775868001" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen style="width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; right: 0px; left: 0px;"></iframe></div></div>

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., email Kelly Bienhoff at kbien@uw.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.0900

Bottom Line: Deaths from alcohol and drug use disorders, self-harm and interpersonal violence varied widely among U.S counties.

Why The Research Is Interesting: Substance use disorders and intentional injuries are causes of premature death and disability in the United States. Understanding how mortality rates vary at a local level is important for developing effective public health and policy responses.

Who and When: About 2.8 million deaths between 1980 and 2014 in the United States due to substance use disorders (alcohol and drug) and intentional injuries (self-harm and interpersonal violence)

What (Study Measures): County of residence (exposure); mortality rates by U.S. county from 3,110 counties due to alcohol and drug use disorders, self-harm and interpersonal violence (outcomes)

Authors: Christopher J. L. Murray, M.D., D.Phil., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, and coauthors

Results: 

Study Limitation: Data are subject to error.

Study Conclusions: These findings may help inform efforts at prevention, diagnosis and treatment to improve health and reduce inequalities.

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.0900)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

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For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.

JAMA

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: 11 A.M. (ET), TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 2018

Media advisory: To contact corresponding author Irene Papanicolas, Ph.D., email i.n.papanicolas@lse.ac.uk; to contact co-author Ashish K. Jha, M.D., M.P.H., email Todd Datz at tdatz@hsph.harvard.edu. The full study is available on the For The Media website.

Want to embed a link to this report in your story? Link will be live at the embargo time https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.1150

Bottom Line: The United States spent nearly twice as much as other high-income countries on medical care but did less well on many population health outcomes despite similar utilization.  Spending differences were driven primarily by prices for labor and goods, including pharmaceuticals, devices and administrative costs.

Why The Research Is Interesting: It is well known that the United States spends more on health care than other countries but less is understood about what explains those differences.

What and When: Analysis of data from 2013-2016 comparing differences in health care spending, performance and structural features between the United States and 10 high-income countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Australia, Japan, Sweden, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Denmark).

Authors: Irene Papanicolas, Ph.D., Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health, Boston and coauthors

Results

The United States:

— Spent 17.8% of its gross domestic product on health in 2016, other countries ranged from 9.6% to 12.4%

— Had the lowest life expectancy and highest infant mortality rate

— Spent more to plan, regulate and manage health systems and services

— Had higher per capita pharmaceutical costs

— Paid higher salaries to physicians and nurses

Study Limitations: While the data were generally comparable, there were modest differences in approaches to collecting and standardizing data across countries.

Study Conclusions: Efforts targeting health care usage alone are unlikely to reduce growth in health care spending in the United States, and a more concerted effort to reduce prices and administrative costs is likely needed.

Featured Image:

What The Image Shows: The difference between the U.S. and other high-income countries in health spending as a percentage of gross domestic product. (Click on the image for a full-size version. Right click to “save image as” to download.)

Related material: The following related elements also are available on the For The Media website:

— A summary video is available for download or to embed on your website. Download the video as a high-quality MP4 file by right-clicking on this link and then clicking the down-pointing arrow in the control bar at the bottom of the video. In addition, you may copy and paste the html code below to embed the video on your website.

<div style="display: block; position: relative; max-width: 300px;"><div style="padding-top: 50%;"><iframe src="//players.brightcove.net/864352215001/default_default/index.html?videoId=5737884641001" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen style="width: 100%; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; right: 0px; left: 0px;"></iframe></div></div>

— An audio author interview is available on this page. You can download the transcript here.

The following editorials and Viewpoint:

— The Real Cost of the U.S. Health Care System

— Challenges in Understanding Differences in Health Care Spending Between the United States and Other High-Income Countries

— Factors Contributing to Higher Health Care Spending in the United States Compared With Other High-Income Countries

— Health Care Spending in the United States Compared With 10 Other High-Income Countries

— Hip and Knee Replacements (Viewpoint)

For more details and to read the full study, please visit the For The Media website.

(doi:10.1001/jama.2018.1150)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

#  #  #

For more information, contact JAMA Network Media Relations at 312-464-JAMA (5262) or email mediarelations@jamanetwork.org.