Time-of-Day Immunotherapy Administration and Outcomes in Advanced Cancers

Is the time of day of immunotherapy administration associated with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancers?In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 studies involving 6129 patients, early time-of-day immunotherapy was associated with increased overall survival and progression-free survival. This survival benefit was confirmed by a randomized clinical trial for non–small cell lung cancer, while evidence from retrospective cohort studies indicated an association between early administration and improvement in gastric, renal cell, small cell lung, and biliary tract cancers.The findings of this study suggest that earlier time-of-day immunotherapy is associated with increased survival and warrant prospective evaluation for clinical implementation.

Corresponding Author: Shahrokh F. Shariat, MD, Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria (shahrokh.shariat@meduniwien.ac.at).

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