Original Investigation

Surgical Low-Value Care Between Fee-For-Service and Salaried Health Care Systems

JAMA Network Open 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.46213

December 02, 2025 at 11:00 AM EST

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Is a health care system’s reimbursement model associated with provision of low-value surgical care?This cohort study including 304 908 procedures identified significant differences in the use of low-value care in a salaried direct care environment (20%) compared with the private-sector fee-for-service setting (35%). Low-value surgery was significantly lower in each respective sector for 2020 to 2023 vs 2016 to 2019.This cohort study supports the contention that changing clinician reimbursement models from fee-for-service to salaried was associated with lower rates of low-value care.

Corresponding Author: Andrew J. Schoenfeld, MD, MSc, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 (aschoenfeld@bwh.harvard.edu).

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