Original Investigation

Maternal Psychological Distress Before and After Childbirth and Neurodevelopmental Delay in Toddlers

JAMA Network Open 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.40907

October 31, 2025 at 11:00 AM EDT

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Is the timing of maternal psychological distress differentially associated with the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in toddlers?In this birth cohort study of 82 418 mother-child pairs, maternal psychological distress at 1 year post partum had an estimated higher risk of neurodevelopmental delay in toddlers than psychological distress during mid- to late pregnancy, with no salient multiplicative interaction between time points observed.These findings suggest the importance of maintaining maternal mental health from pregnancy through 1 year post partum.

Corresponding Author: Kenta Matsumura, PhD, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, 58-1 Aza-Maze, Oaza Hamadate, Aomori City, Aomori 030-8505, Japan (k_matsumura@ms.auhw.ac.jp).

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