Bidirectional Association Between Premenstrual Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders

What are the risks of psychiatric disorders among women with premenstrual disorders (PMD) and vice versa?In a cohort study of 104 972 women with PMD and matched unaffected women, PMD were associated with an approximately 2-fold increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, and psychiatric disorders were similarly associated with increased risk of subsequent PMD. The bidirectional risk was particularly pronounced for depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and personality disorder.These findings suggest that PMD and psychiatric disorders share bidirectional associations, highlighting the need for sex-specific and menstrual cycle–informed approaches in psychiatric assessment and care.

Corresponding Authors: Jing Zhou, MD, MSc (jing.zhou@ki.se), and Donghao Lu, MD, PhD (donghao.lu@ki.se), Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.

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