Social Risk Factors and Disparities in Advanced Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome

Are individual social risk factors associated with advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, and do these associations vary by age group, sex, and race and ethnicity?In this cross-sectional study with 28 218 participants, factors associated with advanced CKM syndrome included economic instability among non-Hispanic Black and White adults, poor neighborhood environment among non-Hispanic Black adults, limited education among non-Hispanic White adults, and poor social and/or community context across all groups. All 4 social risk factors were associated with higher odds of advanced CKM syndrome among both men and women, although the associations were less prevalent among men.These findings suggest that targeted screening and subgroup-specific interventions may reduce disparities and slow CKM syndrome progression.

Corresponding Author: Leonard E. Egede, MD, MS, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 77 Goodell St, Ste 320, Buffalo, NY 14203 (legede@buffalo.edu).

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