Original Investigation

Extreme Temperatures and Missed Pediatric Preventive Care Visits

JAMA Network Open 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.10114

April 27, 2026 at 11:00 AM EDT

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Are extreme outdoor temperatures associated with rates of missed pediatric preventive care visits?In this cross-sectional study of 4 137 542 pediatric visits in a large primary care network, each 1 °F decrease below 41.5 °F in cold months and 1 °F increase above 88.0 °F in warm months was associated with a higher rate of missed visits. During cold months, rates of missed visits were higher among children who were younger, commercially insured, and from high socioeconomic status neighborhoods.Extreme temperatures were associated with missed pediatric preventive care with differential associations across subgroups, suggesting a need for targeted interventions during temperature extremes.

Corresponding Author: Stephanie L. Mayne, PhD, MHS, Clinical Futures, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, 10-471, Philadelphia, PA 19146 (maynes@chop.edu).

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