Operationalization of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Intensive Care Unit

What is the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) use in intensive care units (ICUs), focusing on AI model maturity and operationalization?In this systematic review of 1263 studies, 74% of studies remained in early development stages, whereas only 25 (2%) progressed to clinical integration. Reporting standards use was critically low, and more than half of the studies were identified as having a high risk of bias.These results suggest that a paradigm shift is urgently required in the medical AI literature—one that moves beyond retrospective validation of AI models toward the operationalization and prospective testing of complete AI systems.

Corresponding Author: Michel E. van Genderen, MD, PhD, Department of Adult Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Room Ne-413, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands (m.vangenderen@erasmusmc.nl).

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